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{b}{g,0}2.0 Part 2 More about the Balance Sheet{s}
{b}Learning Objectives
In this part you will learn:
1. Two more of the nine basic accounting concepts:{s}
- The going-concern concept.
- The cost concept.
2. The meaning of the principal items reported on a balance sheet.
@
2.1 Going-Concern Concept
Every year some entities go bankrupt or cease to operate for other
reasons. Most entities, however, keep on going from one year to the next.
Accounting must be based on the assumption either
(A) that entities are about to cease operations, or
(B) that entities are likely to keep on going.{s}
{d}
The more realistic assumption is {1,-1}.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,12,13}{r}
B - OK - Correct.
A - QUIT - No.
@
2.2
Accounting assumes that an entity, or {b}concern{n}, will normally
keep on going from one year to the next. This assumption is called
the going- C{1,7} concept.
*1
ONCERN - OK - Fine.
CONCERN - OK - Fine.
- HINT - This is called the {b}going-concern concept.
@
2.3
More specifically, the {b}going-concern concept{n} is that accounting
assumes that a business will continue to operate {u}indefinitely{n}.
@
2.4
Because of the going-concern concept, accounting {1,8} report
what the assets could be sold for if the entity ceased operations.
(A) does
(B) does not
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}{r}
DOES NOT - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
DOES - QUIT - No. You will soon find out more about why.
A - QUIT - No. You will soon find out more about why.
@
2.5
On December 31, 19x1, the balance sheet of Hamel Company reported
total assets of $50,000. If Hamel Company ceased to operate, {1,-1}
(A) its assets could be sold for $50,000.
(B) we do not know what its assets could be sold for.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}{r}
B - OK - Correct. Let's look into this further.
A - QUIT - No. Let's look into this further.
@
2.6 Cost Concept
When a business buys an asset, it records the amount of the asset
at its cost. Thus, if Garsden Company bought a plot of land for $10,000
in 19x1, it would show on its December 31, 19x1, balance sheet the item:
Land ............ ${1,-6}.
This amount was the COST of the land.
*1
10,000 - OK - Correct.
10000 - OK - Correct.
10K - QUIT - This is not accepted terminology for $10,000. Please avoid its use.
- HINT - Garsden Company paid $10,000 for this item.
@
2.7
The amount for which an asset can be sold in the marketplace is
called its {b}market value{n}. If you bought a pair of shoes a year ago
for $25 and find that today you can sell them for $5, then their cost
was ${1,-2}, and their market value today is ${2,-2}.
*1
25 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The cost was $25.
*2
5 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - The market value is now $5.
@
2.8
Some assets wear out. Inflation affects the value of some assets.
For these and other reasons, the market value of assets {b}changes{n} as time
goes on. Therefore, on December 31, 19x6, the market value of Garsden
Company's land was probably {1,-1}
(A) $10,000.
(B) different from $10,000.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,12,13}{r}
B - OK - Correct.
A - QUIT - No. It would be unusual for it to remain the same!
@
2.9
Accounting, however, does not attempt to trace changes in the
market value of most assets. Instead, accounting focuses on their {b}cost.
Thus, on its December 31, 19x6, balance sheet, Garsden Company would report
the land at its {u}cost{n} of ${1,-6}.
*1
10,000 - OK - Correct.
10000 - OK - Correct.
- HINT - No. The cost of $10,000 goes on the balance sheet.
@
2.10
The {b}cost concept{n} is that accounting focuses on the {1,12}
(A) cost (B) market value
of assets, rather than on their {2,12}.
(A) cost (B) market value
*1
- POST - {b}{a,4,13}cost
COST - OK - Correct.
A - OK - Correct.
MARKET VALUE - QUIT - No. Cost is correct here.
B - QUIT - No. Cost is correct here.
*2
- POST - {b}{a,8,29}market value
MARKET VALUE - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
COST - QUIT - No. Market value is correct here.
A - QUIT - No. Market value is correct here.
@
2.11
Many people think that the balance sheet shows what assets are worth,
that is, their market value. This belief is {1,5}.
(A) true
(B) false
*1
- POST - {b}{a,8,13}{r}
FALSE - OK - Correct.
F - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
TRUE - QUIT - No. The balance sheet focuses on {u}cost{n}.
T - QUIT - No. The balance sheet focuses on {u}cost{n}.
A - QUIT - No. The balance sheet focuses on {u}cost{n}.
@
2.12
One reason for the {b}cost concept{n} is that the market value of an asset
is difficult to estimate. If you bought a pair of shoes for $25, the cost
was clearly $25. However, if a few months later you asked two friends to
give the market value of these used shoes, they probably would {1,8}
on the amount.
(A) agree
(B) disagree
*1
- POST - {b}{a,14,13}{r}
DISAGREE - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
AGREE - QUIT - Probably not.
A - QUIT - Probably not.
@
2.13
Estimating the market value of each of the assets every
time a balance sheet was prepared would be {1,9}.
(A) difficult
(B) easy{s}
{d}
Furthermore, the estimates would be a matter of opinion and
therefore {2,10}.
(C) objective
(D) subjective
*1
- POST - {b}{a,6,13}{r}
DIFFICULT - OK - Definitely.
A - OK - Definitely.
EASY - QUIT - Not really.
B - QUIT - Not really.
*2
- POST - {b}{a,17,13}{r}
SUBJECTIVE - OK - Correct.
D - OK - Correct.
OBJECTIVE - QUIT - "Objective" means not based on personal opinion.
C - QUIT - "Objective" means not based on personal opinion.
@
2.14
A second reason for the {b}cost concept{n} is that the entity is not
going to sell many of its assets immediately. It will keep them to use in
its operations. The entity therefore {1,8} need to know their market
(A) does
(B) does not
value. This reason follows from the previous concept, the {2,13,2}
concept.
(C) entity
(D) going-concern
*1
- POST - {b}{a,10,13}{r}
DOES NOT - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
DOES - QUIT - No. The entity does NOT need to track the market value of assets it keeps.
A - QUIT - No. The entity does NOT need to track the market value of assets it keeps.
*2
- POST - {b}{a,18,13}{r}
- POST - {a,12,65}-
GOING CONCERN - OK - Yes, that's right.
D - OK - Yes, that's right.
ENTITY - QUIT - No, this follows from the {b}going-concern{n} concept.
C - QUIT - No, this follows from the {b}going-concern{n} concept.
@
2.15
Thus the two reasons why accounting focuses on {b}costs{n} rather
than on {b}market values{n} are that:
(1) market values are difficult to estimate -- that is, they
are {1,10},
(A) objective (B) subjective
whereas costs are {2,10}.
(A) objective (B) subjective
(2) the going-concern concept makes it {u}unnecessary{n} to know
the market value of many assets.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,10,41}subjective
SUBJECTIVE - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
OBJECTIVE - QUIT - No.
A - QUIT - No.
*2
- POST - {b}{a,14,21}objective
OBJECTIVE - OK - Correct.
A - OK - Correct.
SUBJECTIVE - QUIT - No.
B - OK - No.
@
2.16
Accounting {u}does not{n} report what many of the individual assets
are worth, that is, their {u}market value{n}. Accounting therefore {1,8}
report what the whole entity is worth.
(A) does
(B) does not{s}
{d}
{u}Failure to appreciate this point is the most serious cause of{n}
{u}misunderstanding about the meaning of amounts on the balance sheet{n}.
*1
- POST - {b}{a,10,13}{r}
DOES NOT - OK - Correct.
B - OK - Correct.
DOES - QUIT - No.
A - QUIT - No.
@
2.17
An entity bought land in 19x1 for $10,000. On December 31, 19x6,
the entity received an offer of $20,000 for the land. At what amount should
this land be reported on the balance sheet of December 31, 19x6?